If the tires will be shorter depends on the width and aspect ratio. In your case, 235/60-15"s are 235mm wide, with an aspect ratio of 60%. The aspect ratio is the sidewall height of the tire. Keep in mind, 25.4mm per inch, so a 235mm tire is 9.25" wide. This is not the tread width though, tread width will vary from one manufacturer to another, but should be less than the overall tire width (in the case of 15" tires, typically about an inch less). This 235mm width is what the tire will be if mounted on the ideal rim width. Mount on a non-ideal rim, and the tire will conform to that, to a point -- which is why they have a 'recommended' range of rim widths for different tire sizes.
Now, with 235/60-15's on the front, you have a tire that is about 5.5" of sidewall (235mm*60%). With a 15" rim, that would be 15+5.5+5.5= 26" tall tires. So, with a 50 series in the back, if we used 275/50-15's we would have a tire height of 25.8" (with a 5.4" sidewall). So these would be very close to the same height. If you had the stock sized 235/70-15's, then the tire height would be 28", and it might look a bit funny to you having 1" more sidewall and thus 2 " taller tires in front.
Further, the 275mm tires are 10.8" wide overall, with about a 9" treadwidth. Thus the recommendation to run an 8" rim with them (8"-10" would be the common recommendation from manufacturers).